Official and unofficial data

International Relations and Cyber Attacks: Official and Unofficial Discourse

The potential for cyberwarfare is vast and is of concern to all nations, and national security defence. It appears that many countries are actively trying to protect their computer networks, whilst looking for ways that might bring down the networks of other countries, although this is not officially acknowledged. Bringing down another nations computer networks could give the attacking national...

Mining official data

In statistics, the term “official data” denotes data collected in censuses and statistical surveys by National Statistics Institutes (NSIs), as well as administrative and registration records collected by government departments and local authorities. They are used to produce “official statistics” for the purpose of making policy decisions, and to facilitate the appreciation of economic, social,...

Investigating Factors affecting the Success of Official and Unofficial Range Management Cooperatives in three provinces of Iran

The aim of this study was to investigate the members’ opinions regarding the influencing factors contributing the success of range management cooperatives in three provinces as Markazi, Tehran and Isfahan of Iran in 2014. The study populations were board and ordinary members of cooperatives (N=750) and the samples were selected using Krejcie and Morgan method through stratified and random sampl...

Unofficial Qualifications

“ Does Governance Explain Unofficial Activity ?